15th Meeting

SIMPLE FUTURE

Diantara semua jenis future tense, Simple Future Tense merupakan yang paling umum. Tenses ini digunakan pada banyak situasi seperti ketika membuat janji atau prediksi. Dalam membahas tenses ini kita akan membagi pembahasan menjadi 2 bagian, yaitu Simple Future Tense yang menggunakanwill/shall, dan Simple Future Tense yang menggunakan going to.

Will/Shall

Will merupakan modal verb yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan waktu di masa yang akan datang. Contoh:

• It will be sunny tomorrow.
• The new restaurant will open next week.

Will ditempatkan setelah subjek dan sebelum kata kerja utama, dan dalam pertanyaan subjek dan will ditukar posisinya. Will sering disingkat menjadi ‘ll, misalnya he’ll, they’ll, dan bentuk negatif will not sering disingkat menjadiwon’t.

Afirmatif He will / He’ll stay at home tomorrow. They will / They’ll be very busy. Negatif I will not / won’t stay at home tomorrow. They will not / won’t be very busy.

Pertanyaan Will he stay at home tomorrow? Will they be busy?

Kegunaan

Will digunakan untuk prediksi dan fakta di masa yang akan datang. Contoh:

• We’ll finish it by tonight.
• We have a lot of time. We won’t be late.
• “Where will you go next year?” “I’ll go to America.”

Will juga digunakan untuk membuat respons spontan. Misalnya:

Penawaran: - “The telephone’s ringing.” “I’ll answer it.”
Janji: - “I’ll never leave you” - “I’ll give it to you tomorrow morning.”
Permintaan: - “Will you wait for me this evening?”
Will yang digunakan untuk menyatakan permintaan sifatnya cukup kuat dan serng digunakan ketika jawaban yang diharapkan atas permintaan tersebut adalah “Ya”. Jika tidak maka penggunaan can lebih sopan, contoh: “Can you wait for me this evening”
Ancaman: - “You’ll be sorry!”
Perintah: - “You will not eat my chocolate-chip cookies!”

Shall

Shall digunakan hanya untuk subjek I dan we dalam pertanyaan. Contoh:

• “Shall I open the window?”

Shall juga bisa digunakan untuk membuat kalimat positif, tetapi ini sifatnya lebih formal dan dianggap kuno.

• “We shall arrive at 6.00.”

14th Meeting

SIMPLE PAST

Simple Past Tense digunakan untuk fakta-fakta atau peristiwa-peristiwa yang terjadi di masa lampau. Contoh:

• I played tennis with some guys from work yesterday.
• We stayed in Shanghai for five days.

Kata kerja simple past tense (kata kerja bentuk ke-2) yang reguler dibentuk dengan menambahkan “-ed” pada akhiran kata kerja. Contoh:

• jump -> jumped: The dog jumped over the fence.
• walk -> walked: I walked 22 kilometers yesterday.
• work -> worked: We worked together as lawyers for 15 years.

Kegunaan

Simple past tense digunakan untuk menyatakan sebuah tindakan yang telah selesai dilakukan. Contoh:

• We watched a movie at the weekend (kami menonton film di akhir pekan)
• She arrived on Thursday (dia tiba hari Kamis)

Waktu spesifik harus dinyatakan atau diisyaratkan. Contoh:

• I walked to work this morning - Dalam kalimat ini waktunya disebutkan
• I walked to work - Dalam kalimat ini waktu tidak disebutkan, tetapi konteks kalimatnya dapat membuat kita memahami waktu yang dimaksud (yakni waktu lampau).

Kalimat negatif

Kalimat negatif simple past tense dibuat dengan did dan not. Did adalah bentuk lampau dari kata kerja to do. Did dan not sering disingkat menjadididn’t. Contoh:
- I arrived in London on Monday -> I didn’t arrive on Sunday.
- They stayed at the Vivaldi Hotel -> They didn’t stay at the Carlton Hotel.

Karena “did” merupakan bentuk lampau, maka kata kerja utama tidak mengalami perubahan. Contoh:

• We didn’t live in Italy. Did adalah bentuk lampau sehingga live tidak dirubah menjadi bentuk lampau.
• We didn’t lived in Italy. Kalimat ini tidak benar

Kalimat bertanya

Pertanyaan dibuat dengan menempatkan did sebelum subjek. Contoh:

• You lived in Japan -> Did you live in Japan?
• They stayed at the Vivaldi Hotel -> Did they stay at the Vivaldi Hotel?

Kata kerja utama juga tidak berubah (tidak diganti menjadi bentuk lampau), contoh:
- You lived in Japan -> Did you lived in Japan? (tidak benar)
- You lived in Japan -> Did you live in Japan? (benar)

Kata kerja tidak beraturan

Ada banyak kata kerja simple past tense yang tidak beraturan (irregular verbs) dalam bahasa Inggris, yakni tidak ditambahkan -ed. Berikut beberapa kata kerja tidak beraturan yang paling umum.

be - was/were become - became begin - began break - broke bring - brought build - built buy - bought catch - caught choose - chose come - came do - did draw -drea eat - ate feel - felt fight - fought find - found fly - flew forget - forgot get - got give - gave go - went have - had hear - heard hit - hit know - knew learn - learnt/learned leave - left lose - lost

make - made meet - met pay - paid read - read ride - rode run - run say - said sell - sold send - sent shut - shut sing - sang sit - sat sleep - slept smell - smelt/smelled speak - spoke stand - stood swim - swam take - took teach - taught tell - told think - thought understand - understood wear - wore win - won write - wrote

13th Meeting

The Articles

The three articles — a, an, the — are a kind of adjective. The is called the definite article because it usually precedes a specific or previously mentioned noun; a and an are called indefinite articles because they are used to refer to something in a less specific manner (an unspecified count noun). These words are also listed among the noun markers or determiners because they are almost invariably followed by a noun (or something else acting as a noun)

The is used with specific nouns. The is required when the noun it refers to represents something that is one of a kind:

The moon circles the earth.

The is required when the noun it refers to represents something in the abstract:

The United States has encouraged the use of the private automobile as opposed to the use of public transit.

The is required when the noun it refers to represents something named earlier in the text.

We use a before singular count-nouns that begin with consonants (a cow, a barn, a sheep); we use an before singular count-nouns that begin with vowels or vowel-like sounds (an apple, an urban blight, an open door). Words that begin with an h sound often require an a (as in a horse, a history book, a hotel), but if an h-word begins with an actual vowel sound, use an an (as in an hour, an honor). We would say a useful device and a union matter because the u of those words actually sounds like yoo (as opposed, say, to the u of an ugly incident). The same is true of a European and a Euro (because of that consonantal "Yoo" sound). We would say a once-in-a-lifetime experience or a one-time hero because the words once and one begin with a w sound (as if they were spelled wuntz and won).

12th Meeting

Preposition

You can sit before the desk (or in front of the desk). The professor can sit on the desk (when he's being informal) or behind the desk, and then his feet are under the desk or beneath the desk. He can stand beside the desk (meaning next to the desk), before the desk, between the desk and you, or even on the desk (if he's really strange). If he's clumsy, he can bump into the desk or try to walk through the desk (and stuff would fall off the desk). Passing his hands over the desk or resting his elbows upon the desk, he often looks across the desk and speaks of the desk or concerning the desk as if there were nothing else like the desk. Because he thinks of nothing except the desk, sometimes you wonder about the desk, what's in the desk, what he paid for the desk, and if he could live without the desk. You can walk toward the desk, to the desk, around the desk, by the desk, and even past the desk while he sits at the desk or leans against the desk.

All of this happens, of course, in time: during the class, before the class, until the class, throughout the class, after the class, etc. And the professor can sit there in a bad mood [another adverbial construction].

Those words in bold blue font are all prepositions. Some prepositions do other things besides locate in space or time — "My brother is like my father." "Everyone in the class except me got the answer." — but nearly all of them modify in one way or another. It is possible for a preposition phrase to act as a noun — "During a church service is not a good time to discuss picnic plans" or "In the South Pacific is where I long to be" — but this is seldom appropriate in formal or academic writing.

Prepositions of Time: at, on, and in

We use at to designate specific times.
The train is due at 12:15 p.m.

We use on to designate days and dates.
My brother is coming on Monday.
We're having a party on the Fourth of July.

We use in for nonspecific times during a day, a month, a season, or a year.
She likes to jog in the morning.
It's too cold in winter to run outside.
He started the job in 1971.
He's going to quit in August.

Prepositions of Place: at, on, and in

We use at for specific addresses.
Grammar English lives at 55 Boretz Road in Durham.

We use on to designate names of streets, avenues, etc.
Her house is on Boretz Road.

And we use in for the names of land-areas (towns, counties, states, countries, and continents).
She lives in Durham.
Durham is in Windham County.
Windham County is in Connecticut.

Prepositions of Location: in, at, and on and No Preposition
IN (the) bed* the bedroom the car (the) class* the library* school*	AT class* home the library* the office school* work	ON the bed* the ceiling the floor the horse the plane the train	NO PREPOSITION downstairs downtown inside outside upstairs uptown
* You may sometimes use different prepositions for these locations.

Prepositions of Movement: to
and No Preposition

We use to in order to express movement toward a place.
They were driving to work together.
She's going to the dentist's office this morning.

Toward and towards are also helpful prepositions to express movement. These are simply variant spellings of the same word; use whichever sounds better to you.
We're moving toward the light.
This is a big step towards the project's completion.

With the words home, downtown, uptown, inside, outside, downstairs, upstairs, we use no preposition.
Grandma went upstairs
Grandpa went home.
They both went outside.

Prepositions of Time: for and since

We use for when we measure time (seconds, minutes, hours, days, months, years).
He held his breath for seven minutes.
She's lived there for seven years.
The British and Irish have been quarreling for seven centuries.

We use since with a specific date or time.
He's worked here since 1970.
She's been sitting in the waiting room since two-thirty. 

11th Meeting

SIMPLE PRESENT

Dalam bahasa Inggris Present Tense atau Simple Present Tense digunakan untuk menyatakan peristiwa atau kejadian, kegiatan, aktivitas dan sebagainya yang terjadi saat ini. Present Tense juga digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu Fakta, atau sesuatu yang tejadi berulang-ulang dimasa KINI. Ingat, PRESENT artinya adalah kini, sekarang.

Rumusnya:
Positif              : S + V1 (s/es)
Negatif                        : S + DO/DOES + NOT + V1
Tanya              : DO/DOES + S + V1
Contoh Kalimat Positif:

§  I drink coffee

§  She drinks coffe

§  We drink coffee

Ya, sengaja pelajaran Tense bahasa inggris ini dibuat simple saja agar cepat faham. Anda perlu mengembangkannya sendiri misalnya dengan membuat 100 contoh sendiri. Pasti Anda perlu kamus juga, karena belajar tenses lalu mentok dengan suatu kata kerja maka biasanya tidak jadi.

Cara Membaca Rumus:
S artinya Subject, V1 artinya Verb1 atau kata kerja bentuk pertama. Garis miring artinya ya Atau dong!.
Kapan pakai S atau ES dan kapan tidak?

Kalau Subjectnya He, She, It, John, Mufli, Ellen atau Orang ketiga TUNGGAL maka kata kerjanya tambah S atau ES. Tidak sembarang tambah S atau ES juga nih, ada daftarnya. Daftarnya itu bayak sekali, mustahal saya tulis disini, cape dehh nulisnya, Anda musti beli buku Grammar juga. Belajar bahasa Inggris perlu modal.

Di atas tadi ada istilah Orang Ketiga Tunggal, maksudnya gini: Orang ketiga adalah orang yang kita bicarakan, yang kita omongin. Sedangkan orang pertama ya yang bicara. Orang kedua lawan bicara. Tunggal ya satu. Jadi orang ketiga tunggal adalah orang yang kita bicarakan dan satu saja dia itu. Misalnya kita berdua ngomongin John Scoping. Yang ngomong saya, yang dengar Anda, yang dibicarakan John Scoping (orang ketiga tunggal). Faham ya?

John Scoping belajar Tenses.
John Scoping learnS English.
Tidak bisa LearnES, mengapa? ya memang begitu!. Tetapi yang ini malah tambah ES:
John Scoping goES to School (tambah ES).

Kalimat Negatif Present Tense

Bentuk Negatif, artinya menyatakan TIDAK. Maka sesuai rumus Present Tense, setelah SUBJECT ditambah DO atau DOES, baru NOT, lalu tambah kata kerja bentuk pertama tanpa S atau ES lagi. S atau ES nya dimana? Sudah di doES tadi.

Untuk I, WE, YOU, THEY tambah DO
Untuk SHE, HE, IT, Mufli, Ellen tambah DOES

§  I do not drink coffee.

§  She does not drink coffee.

§  John Scoping does not learn English.

Coba perhatikan She does not drink coffee. Drink nya tidak pake S lagi, pindah ke doES. Biasakan saja, Present Simple Tense ini sepertinya rumit tetapi kalau faham maka enak banget. Ulangi saja baca dari atas 10 kali lagi, biar meresap benar, hehe.. Bikin juga 10 contoh Anda sendiri dengan kata kerja yang berbeda. Yes, belajar bahasa Inggris tak boleh manja, harus aktif, baru akan bisa.

Kalimat Tanya Present Tense

Kalimat tanya untuk Present Tense sesuai rumus diatas, atau saya tulis lagi seperti ini:
Tanya: DO/DOES + S + V1
Sama saja pasangannya. Untuk I, WE, YOU, THEY gunakan DO. Untuk SHE, HE, IT, Mufli, Ellen gunakan DOES. Contohnya begini:
Kalimat positifnya: I drink coffee
Kalimat tanya menjadi: DO you drink cofee?
Kalimat positif: She drinks coffe
Kalimat tanya: DOES She drink coffee?
Kalimat tanya seperti diatas disebut juga YES/NO Question. Karena jawabannya memang Yes atau No. Do You drink coffee? “Yes I do” jawabnya. Atau bisa bisa dijawab dengan lengkap: “Yes, I do drink coffee”. Dihilangkan DO nya juga boleh, menjadi kalimat positif lagi: “Yes I drink coffee”.
Ya, memang benar kalau Present Tense ini lebih rumit dibandingkan dengan Present Continuous Tense karena tiba-tiba kok pake DO, eh untuk orang ketiga tunggal pakai DOES segala, hehe.. Kalau dalam Present Continuous Tense nanti tinggal dibalik doang.